Provençal (Provençal or Provençau in Occitan) is a dialect The term dialect is used in two distinct ways, even by linguists. One usage refers to a variety of a language that is characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class. A dialect that is associated of Occitan Occitan is a Romance language spoken in parts of Southern France, the Occitan Valleys of Italy, Monaco and in the Aran Valley of Spain, the regions sometimes known informally as Occitania. It is also spoken in the linguistic enclave of Guardia Piemontese . It is a co-official language in Catalonia, Spain (known as Aranese in Aran Valley). Modern spoken by a minority of people in southern France France (pronounced /ˈfrænts/ frantss or /ˈfrɑːnts/ frahnts; French pronunciation (help·info): [fʁɑ̃s]), officially the French Republic (French: République française, pronounced: [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a state in Western Europe with several of its overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian,, mostly in Provence Provence is a region of southeastern France on the Mediterranean adjacent to Italy. It is part of the administrative région of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. The traditional region of Provence comprises the départements of Var, Vaucluse, and Bouches-du-Rhône and parts of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Alpes-Maritimes. The Romans, who conquered it in. In the English English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into South-East Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria. Following the economic, political, military, scientific, cultural, and colonial influence of Great Britain and the United Kingdom from the 18th century, and of-speaking world, "Provençal" is often used to refer to all dialects of Occitan, but it actually refers specifically to the dialect spoken in Provence.
"Provençal" (with "Limousin" Limousin is a dialect of the Occitan language, spoken in the three departments of Limousin, parts of Charente and the Dordogne in the southwest of France) is also the customary name given to the older version of the langue d'oc used by the troubadours A troubadour was a composer and performer of Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100–1350). Since the word "troubadour" is etymologically masculine, a female troubadour is usually called a trobairitz of medieval The Middle Ages is a period of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The period followed the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, and preceded the Early Modern Era. It is the middle period in a three-period division of history: Classical, Medieval, and Modern. The term "Middle Ages" (medium aevum) was coined in literature Literature,, is the art of written works. Literally translated, the word means acquaintance with letters (as in the Arts and Letters"). In Western culture the most basic written literary types include fiction and nonfiction, corresponding to Old French Old French was the Romance dialect continuum spoken in territories that span roughly the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium and Switzerland from the 9th century to the 14th century. It is a direct descendent of Old Gallo-Romance. It was then known as the langue d'oïl to distinguish it from the langue d'oc (Occitan language, or the langue d'oil of the northern areas of France.
In 2007, the ISO 639-3 ISO 639-3:2007, Codes for the representation of names of languages — Part 3: Alpha-3 code for comprehensive coverage of languages, is an international standard for language codes in the ISO 639 series. The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages. It extends the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 codes with an aim to cover all known code changed from prv to oci, as prv was merged into oci.
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Sub-dialects
The main sub-dialects of Provençal are:
- Rodanenc (in French Rhodanien) around the lower Rhône river The Rhone is one of the major rivers of Europe, originating in Switzerland and running from there through the south-eastern corner of France. At Arles, near its mouth at the Mediterranean Sea, the river divides into two branches, known as the Great Rhone (French: Grand Rhône) and the Little Rhone (Petit Rhône), Arles Arles is a city and commune in the south of France, in the Bouches-du-Rhône department, of which it is a subprefecture, in the former province of Provence, Avignon Avignon is a commune in the Vaucluse department in southeastern France, Nîmes Nîmes is a city in southern France. It is the capital of the Gard department. Nîmes has a rich history, dating back to the Roman Empire, and it is a popular tourist destination.
- A Rodanenc subvariety, the Shuadit Shuadit, also spelled Chouhadite, Chouhadit, Chouadite, Chouadit, and Shuhadit is the extinct Jewish language of southern France, also known as Judæo-Provençal, Judéo-Comtadin, Hébraïco-Comtadin. The language is known from documents dating to as early as the 11th century in France, and after suffering drastic declines beginning with the or Judeo-Provençal is considered extinct since 1977. It was spoken by the Jewish community around Avignon Avignon is a commune in the Vaucluse department in southeastern France. When Jews were granted freedom of residence in France the dialect declined.
- Maritim or Centrau or Mediterranèu (Maritime or Central or Mediterranean) around Aix-en-Provence Aix , or Aix-en-Provence (Provençal Occitan: Ais de Provença in classical norm, or Ais de Prouvènço in Mistralian norm, both pronounced [ˈajs de pʀuˈvɛⁿsɔ] or [zaj])[citation needed] to distinguish it from other cities built over hot springs, is a city in southern France, some 30 km (19 mi) north of Marseille. It is in the region of, Marseilles Marseille , formerly known as Massalia (from Greek: Μασσαλία), its second most-populous, behind Paris, with 852,395 residents as of 2007. It forms the third-largest urban area after those of Paris and Lyon with a population of 1,420,000 and the third-largest metropolitan area, also after those of Paris and Lyon, with a population of 1,530,0, Toulon Toulon is a town in southern France and a large military harbour on the Mediterranean coast, with a major French naval base. Located in the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur region, Toulon is the capital of the Var department in the former province of Provence, Cannes Cannes is one of the best-known cities of the French Riviera, a busy tourist destination and host of the annual Cannes Film Festival. It is a Communes of France in the Alpes-Maritimes department, Antibes Antibes is a resort town in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France, Grasse Grasse is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department (of which it is a sub-prefecture), on the French Riviera, Forcalquier Forcalquier is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France, Castellane Castellane is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France, Draguignan Draguignan is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.
- Niçard Niçard , Nissart/Niçart (Mistralian orthography), Niçois (French), or Nizzardo (Italian) is a distinct subdialect of the Occitan language (Provençal dialect) spoken in the city of Nice (Niçard: Niça/Nissa) and in the historical County of Nice (the main part of the current French département of Alpes-Maritimes). In addition to Monégasque, in the lower County of Nice The County of Nice or Niçard Country is a historical region of France, located in the south-eastern part, around the city of Nice.
Gavòt (in French Gavot), spoken in the Western Occitan Alps, around Digne Digne-les-Bains or simply and historically Digne (Occitan: Dinha in classical norm or Digno in Mistralian norm) is a commune of France, capital of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, Sisteron Sisteron is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France, Gap Gap is a commune in southeastern France, the capital of the Hautes-Alpes department, Barcelonnette Barcelonnette is a commune in the Ubaye Valley, in the southern French Alps, in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, of which it is a sub-prefecture and the upper County of Nice The County of Nice or Niçard Country is a historical region of France, located in the south-eastern part, around the city of Nice, but also in a part of the Ardèche Ardèche is a department in south-central France named after the Ardèche River, is not exactly a subdialect of Provençal, but rather an occitan dialect of its own, also known as Vivaro-Alpine. So is the dialect spoken in the upper valleys of Piedmont Piedmont is one of the 20 regions of Italy. It has an area of 25,399 square kilometres and a population of about 4.4 million. The capital of Piedmont is Turin. The main local language is Piedmontese. Occitan is also spoken by a minority in the Occitan Valleys. Franco-Provençal is also spoken by another minority in the alpine heights of the, Italy Italy (pronounced /ˈɪtəli/ ; Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a country located partly on the European Continent and partly on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine (Val Maira, Val Varacha, Val d'Estura, Entraigas, Limon, Vinai, Pignerol, Sestriera)[1]. Some people view Gavòt as a variety of Provençal since a part of the Gavot area (near Digne and Sisteron) belongs to historical Provence.
Grammar
The definite articles are masculine lu (often spelled "lou"), feminine la, and plural li (lis before vowels). In Provençal nouns and adjectives, the Latin masculine endings have mostly dropped, but -e remains, while the feminine ending is -o. Nouns do not inflect for number, but all adjectives ending in vowels (-e or -o) become -i, and all plural adjectives take -s before vowels: lu bon ami "the good friend" (masc.), la bono amigo "the good friend" (fem.), li bons ami "the good friends" (masc.), li bonis amigo "the good friends" (fem.).
Literature
Modern Provençal literature was given impetus by Nobel laureate Frédéric Mistral Frédéric Mistral was a French writer and lexicographer of the Occitan language. Mistral won the Nobel Prize in literature in 1904 and was a founding member of Félibrige and a member of l'Académie de Marseille. He was born on September 8, 1830 in Maillane in the Bouches-du-Rhône département in southern France, where he died March 25, 1914 and and the association Félibrige The Félibrige is a literary and cultural association founded in the mid-19th century by Frédéric Mistral and other Provençal writers to defend and promote Occitan language and literature. It is presided over by a capolièr he founded with other writers, such as Théodore Aubanel. The beginning of the 20th Century saw other great authors like Joseph d'Arbaud and Valère Bernard. It has been enhanced and modernized since the second half of the 20th Century by major writers such as Robert Lafont, Pierre Pessemesse, Claude Barsotti, Max-Philippe Delavouët, Philippe Gardy, Florian Vernet, Danielle Julien, Jòrgi Gròs, Sèrgi Bec, Bernat Giély, and many others.
References
- ^ NÒRMAS ORTOGRÀFICAS, CHAUSIAS MORFOLÒGICAS E VOCABULARI DE L'OCCITAN ALPIN ORIENTAL [tèxte imprimit] / COMISSION INTERNACIONALA PER LA NORMALIZACION LINGUISTICA DE L'OCCITAN ALPIN, Auteur . - [S.l.] : ESPACI OCCITAN - REGIONE PIEMONTE, 2008 . - 242. ISSN : 9788890299742-PN-01
See also
References
- Manuel pratique de provençal contemporain, Alain Barthélemy-Vigouroux & Guy Martin, Édisud 2006, ISBN 2-7449-0619-0
- Provencal Language at the Classic Encyclopedia, based on the 1911 Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica's transition from a British to an American publication. Some of its articles were written by the best-known scholars of the day. This edition of the encyclopedia is now in the public domain, but the outdated nature
- Smith, Nathaniel B.; Bergin, Thomas Goddard (1984) (in English). An Old Provençal Primer. Garland. ISBN The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code created by Gordon Foster, now Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers W.H. Smith and others in 1966 0824090306.
External links
Provençal dialect edition of Wikipedia Wikipedia is a free, web-based, collaborative, multilingual encyclopedia project supported by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. Its 16 million articles have been written collaboratively by volunteers around the world, and almost all of its articles can be edited by anyone with access to the site. Wikipedia was launched in 2001 by Jimmy Wales, the free encyclopedia- Ethnologue 15th Edition report for Provençal
- Ethnologue 16th Edition shows Provençal as a dialect of occitan
- Provençal - English Dictionary - a list of words, with some mistakes
- Modern Provençal phonology and morphology studied in the language of Frederic Mistral (1921)
Categories: Provençal language
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Bloomberg
In its first incarnation, Mireio was an epic poem by Frederic Mistral, written in the langue d'Oc, the ancient dialect of southern France. ...
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